1.引言
        1. Introduction
        　　近年來，建筑行業(yè)已逐漸成為我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)之一，隨之國家出臺了一系列旨在保證建筑從業(yè)人員人身安全的法律法規(guī)及相關(guān)的安全生產(chǎn)條例。伴隨著這些法規(guī)條例的逐步完善，施工安全事故發(fā)生率明顯下降，使得建筑行業(yè)得到長足發(fā)展。但是由于建筑施工條件的特殊性，空中作業(yè)高度高、強(qiáng)度大，立體作業(yè)交叉，施工人員文化層次參差不齊，導(dǎo)致施工現(xiàn)場危險性大，不安全因素錯綜復(fù)雜。
        In recent years, the construction industry has gradually become one of pillar industries of China’s economic development, with the country issued a series of aims to ensure that construction workers safety and related laws and regulations of production safety regulations. With these regulation gradually improve, the construction safety accident rates declined obviously, make construction industry get rapid development. But due to the particularity of the construction condition, the air operation level is high, the strength is big, three-dimensional cross, construction personnel and cultural level is uneven, lead to the construction site risk big, the unsafe factors is complex.
        　　建筑機(jī)械設(shè)備管理乃是施工項目安全管理的重中之重。在建筑機(jī)械設(shè)備使用過程中，因操作不當(dāng)、機(jī)械設(shè)備故障及其流動性作業(yè)等諸多原因引起的人身傷害事故屢屢發(fā)生，給企業(yè)經(jīng)營和行業(yè)健康發(fā)展造成極為不良的影響。因此，加強(qiáng)施工現(xiàn)場機(jī)械管理極其緊迫和必要。
        Construction machinery equipment management is the key of the construction project safety management. In the construction machinery and equipment in use process, and its liquidity operations due to improper operation, mechanical equipment fault caused by many reasons, such as personal injury accidents frequently occur, for enterprise operation and healthy development of the industry is extremely bad impact. Therefore, in order to strengthen the management of construction site mechanical extremely urgent and necessary.
        2.機(jī)械傷害典型案例分析
        2. Mechanical damage analysis of typical cases
        2.1 人貨梯吊籠出軌
        2.1 one cargo lift crane cage to cheat
        　　某市框架剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)辦公樓工程，垂直運(yùn)輸外用電梯由出租公司自行組織安裝。人貨梯安裝前未編制專項施工方案，且安裝完成后未按規(guī)定進(jìn)行檢查驗收，導(dǎo)致漏裝上限位碰鐵及安全鉤錯裝等問題未能及時發(fā)現(xiàn)整改。司機(jī)李某接班后麻痹大意擅自離崗，一名電工未經(jīng)同意擅自啟動電梯，運(yùn)行至13層時發(fā)生冒頂出軌墜落，導(dǎo)致2死1重傷的傷亡事故。
        One frame shear wall structure building engineering, vertical transportation for external use elevator organize by the rental company to install. One cargo lift before the installation is not prepare special construction scheme, and the installation after the completion of the acceptance inspection, not according to stipulations in packing cap a touch iron and safety problem such as hook misloading failed to timely find the rectification. Driver li mou succession paralysis after leave without authorization, an electrician to start the elevator without agreed, run to the 13th floor roof caving to cheat during fall, cause 2 die 1 seriously injuries.
        　　造成此次事故的主要原因是上限位碰鐵漏裝、安全鉤錯裝，吊籠運(yùn)行至頂部后繼續(xù)運(yùn)行、出軌，導(dǎo)致事故發(fā)生。次要原因是電梯司機(jī)擅自離崗，未將其拉閘上鎖，給他人留下開動電梯的隱患。電工自恃對電器有所了解心存僥幸，無證駕駛盲目操作?？偝邪鼏挝槐O(jiān)管缺失，未能對不具備安裝資質(zhì)的出租公司加以制止，且在其操作過程中無視未編制安全方案和安裝后未檢測驗收等情況，雖經(jīng)監(jiān)理單位書面提出整改，但始終沒有引起總包和分包單位的高度重視。
        The main cause of the accident is the limit a touch iron packing, safety hook misloading, hanging cage after running to the top to continue running, infidelity, lead to accidents. Secondary reason is that the elevator driver unauthorised absences, not the switch lock, leaving others to start the hidden trouble of the lift. Electrician self-reliance with appliances for granted, blind operation of driving without a license. Overall contractor supervision flaw, has failed to do not have installation qualification of the rental company to stop, and it is safe to ignore not compiled in its operating process scheme and unchecked acceptance after installation, etc., are put forward rectification in writing by the supervision unit, but never has drawn great attention of the contractor and subcontractors.
        2.2 卷揚(yáng)機(jī)拉筋傷人
        2.2 hoist brace cuts
        　　某現(xiàn)澆鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)商業(yè)樓工程主體施工中，現(xiàn)場鋼筋加工棚內(nèi)一臺慢速卷揚(yáng)機(jī)用作冷拉盤圓鋼筋，與冷拉鋼筋位于同一軸線的卷揚(yáng)機(jī)前未設(shè)置安全防護(hù)網(wǎng)。卷揚(yáng)機(jī)操作工候某，請假外出，項目部鋼筋工負(fù)責(zé)人安排剛剛進(jìn)場的鋼筋工胡某操作卷揚(yáng)機(jī)。事發(fā)當(dāng)日，為便于觀察遠(yuǎn)端鋼筋操作情況，將卷揚(yáng)機(jī)倒順操作開關(guān)握于手中，未戴安全帽胡某走出工棚進(jìn)行操作。一根處于冷拉過程中的鋼筋因受力過大突然崩斷，卷揚(yáng)機(jī)方向斷掉的剩余鋼筋反彈，直接沖向胡某的頭部。胡某躲閃不及，被擊中后當(dāng)場倒地。后因無安全帽防護(hù)頭部傷勢嚴(yán)重，經(jīng)搶救無效后死亡。
        Totaling a cast-in-situ reinforced concrete frame structure engineering subject construction, the steel processing and heat a slow winch used for cold drawn wire rod steel, and cold drawn steel bar located on the same shaft hoist is not set before the security fence. Winch operator wait one, ask for leave to go out, work arrangement, director of projects department steel just approach of reinforcing steel bar worker Hu Mou hoist operation. That day, to facilitate observation, distal bar operations will hoist reversing operation switch in his hand, was not wearing a helmet Hu Mou operated out of the shed. A root is in the process of cold drawn steel due to excessive force suddenly broke, hoist direction of residual broken steel rebound, rushed to the head of the Hu Mou directly. Hu Mou nature, fell down on the spot after being hit. Because there was no safety helmet protective suffered severe head injuries, after the rescue invalid after death.
        　　卷揚(yáng)機(jī)拉筋傷人事故直接原因為：1)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)操作者未經(jīng)培訓(xùn)倉促上崗，沒有操作卷揚(yáng)機(jī)拉直鋼筋的能力而造成鋼筋拉斷；2)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)操作者違規(guī)作業(yè)，手持操控開關(guān)站在防護(hù)棚外操作，失去了應(yīng)有的保護(hù)；3)卷揚(yáng)機(jī)操作者未按規(guī)定配戴安全帽，深化了事故的后果。事故間接原因為：1）卷揚(yáng)機(jī)使用中中途換人，新工人進(jìn)場不久，在未接受安全教育和崗前培訓(xùn)的情況下匆忙上崗；2）施工現(xiàn)場必要的安全防護(hù)不到位，卷揚(yáng)機(jī)前未設(shè)置安全防護(hù)網(wǎng)；3）施工項目部安全意識淡薄，早在幾年前國家就明令禁用倒順開關(guān)，屬于淘汰產(chǎn)品，依然出現(xiàn)在卷揚(yáng)機(jī)的操控中，客觀導(dǎo)致操作者離開防護(hù)棚；4）施工現(xiàn)場沒有專職安全人員，未能及時發(fā)現(xiàn)并糾正卷揚(yáng)機(jī)操作中出現(xiàn)的違規(guī)操作。
        Hoist brace direct cause injuries to: 1) hoist operator without rush to work, without the ability to operate hoist straightening steel caused by the tensile steel; 2) hoist operators violate compasses operation, hand-held control switching station protection operation, the bird lost the due protection; 3) hoist operator to wear safety helmet, not according to stipulations to deepen the consequences of the accident. Indirect accident reason is: 1) the hoist in use to change horses in the middle of the stream, new workers come in soon, in the case of not accept safety education and pre-service training under the busy work; 2) the construction site the necessary safety protection does not reach the designated position, hoist is not set before the security fence; 3) the construction projects safety consciousness, as early as a few years before the country has to disable the reversing switch, belong to eliminate product, still appeared in the hoist control, objective cause the operator to leave protective shed; 4) no full-time security personnel on the construction site, failed to timely discover and correct irregularities in hoist operation.

        3.施工機(jī)械設(shè)備管理存在的問題
        3. The problems existing in the construction machinery and equipment management
        3.1 安全生產(chǎn)管理費(fèi)用不到位
        3.1 safety production management fee does not reach the designated position
        　　建筑市場競爭日益激烈，某些建筑商為拿到工程不惜惡意壓價，導(dǎo)致利潤空間縮小，加上安全意識淡薄，用于安全生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)費(fèi)空間被擠壓。中標(biāo)后用于安全生產(chǎn)的必要設(shè)備、器材、工具等無力購置，于是一省再省一拖再拖，致使施工現(xiàn)場十分混亂，大大增加了安全事故隱患爆發(fā)的可能性。
        Construction market competition increasingly fierce, some builders to get at malicious demand, lead to profit space narrow, plus the safety consciousness, funds for safe production of space will be squeezed. After the bid for safe production of the necessary equipment, equipment, tools, such as to afford, so a province again drag on, led to the construction site is very chaotic, greatly increase the possibility of outbreak of safety accidents.
        3.2 安全人員設(shè)置不健全
        3.2 security personnel set up is not sound
        　　當(dāng)前不少施工現(xiàn)場配備的管理人員只有項目經(jīng)理、工長、技術(shù)員等兩三人管理現(xiàn)場。每人身兼數(shù)職，大部分精力和責(zé)任都用于關(guān)注工程質(zhì)量、工程進(jìn)度和材料的采購進(jìn)出庫，沒有完整的安全管理組織機(jī)構(gòu)，安監(jiān)分工不定、責(zé)任不明。更有甚者，施工現(xiàn)場沒有專職的安全員，安全監(jiān)察無從談起。
        Currently many of the construction site is equipped with project manager, foreman, technicians and other two or three people management field. Every professional life is the number, most of his energy and responsibility to pay close attention to project quality, construction schedule and material purchasing and outbound, no complete safety management organizations, safety division of labor, responsibility is unknown. What’s more, no full-time security officer on the construction site, safety supervision.
        3.3 缺乏安全教育培訓(xùn)制度
        3.3 lack of safety education and training
        　　雖然有些施工現(xiàn)場也設(shè)有一些制度牌、安全標(biāo)識等，但并沒有真正起到安全教育和安全警示的作用。很多只是為了應(yīng)付安全檢查，甚者施工人員連安全標(biāo)識的意義都不懂，安全施工流于形式，因此加強(qiáng)對技術(shù)工人和工程管理人員的安全知識培訓(xùn)，理應(yīng)當(dāng)成為施工企業(yè)的當(dāng)務(wù)之急。
        Although some construction site also has some system card, security identity, etc., but didn’t really have the effect of safety education and safety warning. What a lot just to cope with the safety inspection of the construction personnel don’t even know the meaning of security identity, safety construction become a mere formality, so to strengthen the safety of technical workers and engineering management personnel training, construction enterprise should be as the priority.
        3.4 設(shè)備租賃雙方管理脫節(jié)
        3.4 equipment leasing management between both sides
        　　目前建筑企業(yè)的施工設(shè)備主要有三個渠道：1)施工企業(yè)自有設(shè)備；2)施工人員自帶設(shè)備；3)從租賃公司租賃的設(shè)備。目前租賃市場中，各承租企業(yè)較多注意大型設(shè)備的管理，雙方的租賃合同也將責(zé)任義務(wù)劃分得比較清楚。相對一些小型設(shè)備、專用設(shè)備，明顯重視度不夠，但往往是這些小型設(shè)備使用頻率高、周期短。由于這些被租賃的小型設(shè)備的所有權(quán)、使用權(quán)分分離，而租賃公司又未配備固定操作人員，設(shè)備使用、維護(hù)、保養(yǎng)不力。為降低成本，施工單位對其睜一只眼閉一只眼，“將就”的僥幸心態(tài)嚴(yán)重。而租賃公司則認(rèn)為設(shè)備在租賃期間的維護(hù)保養(yǎng)是屬于施工企業(yè)的義務(wù)，理應(yīng)由施工企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)，這就形成設(shè)備的管理出現(xiàn)的真空地帶。
        The construction enterprise construction equipment there are three main channels: 1) the construction enterprise has its own device; 2) construction personnel to bring their own equipment; 3) from the leasing company leasing of equipment. Currently leasing market, each tenant is more pay attention to the large equipment management, leasing contract between the two sides also divided the responsibility more clearly. Relatively small equipment, special equipment, attention degree is not enough, but often be these small devices use frequency is high, the cycle is short. Because these are small equipment leasing separation of the ownership, right to the use of points, and have not equipped with fixed operating personnel leasing company, equipment use, maintenance, maintenance. To reduce cost, the construction unit to turn a blind eye, “will” fluke mentality. And rental company thinks that during the leasing of equipment maintenance is belongs to the duty of construction enterprises, construction enterprises should be responsible for, this will form a vacuum equipment management.
        4.加強(qiáng)機(jī)械設(shè)備管理
        4. Strengthen the management of mechanical equipment
        4.1 建立健全機(jī)械設(shè)備管理機(jī)制
        4.1 establishing and perfecting the management mechanism of mechanical equipment
        　　要切實加強(qiáng)施工中機(jī)械設(shè)備管理的基礎(chǔ)工作，確立行之有效的管理規(guī)章制度并將其落實到基層工作崗位。各種機(jī)械都須嚴(yán)格實行定人、定機(jī)、定崗、定責(zé)制度，嚴(yán)格確定獎懲制度，落實設(shè)備的使用、保養(yǎng)、維護(hù)等各個環(huán)節(jié)責(zé)任。這樣才有利于設(shè)備操作人員的正確操作和安全使用，增強(qiáng)其責(zé)任感，防止機(jī)械傷害事故的發(fā)生。
        To strengthen the construction of the mechanical equipment management foundation work, establish rules and regulations and implement effective management to the grass-roots work. All machinery must strictly implement system of a person, machine, create positions, the proportional amount, strictly determine the rewards and punishment system, to carry out the equipment use, maintenance, maintenance responsibility. So that is conducive to equipment operators of correct operation and safe use, enhance their sense of responsibility, to prevent mechanical damage accidents.
        4.2 加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)教育工作
        4.2 strengthen the training education work
        　　對機(jī)械設(shè)備操作人員要加強(qiáng)培訓(xùn)教育，定期開展相關(guān)培訓(xùn)，力求操作人員懂得設(shè)備的用途、結(jié)構(gòu)、技術(shù)性能、使用維護(hù)要點、故障排除方法等基本知識，使其做到正確使用、維護(hù)設(shè)備。應(yīng)該做到操作人員會檢修設(shè)備，檢修人員會操作設(shè)備，并做到持證上崗、定期檢查。
        For mechanical equipment operation personnel must strengthen the education training, regularly carry out related training, operators to understand the purpose of the equipment, structure, main technical performance, use, maintenance, troubleshooting method basic knowledge, such as the correct use and maintenance equipment. Should be staff will repair equipment operation, maintenance personnel can operate equipment, and related certificates and check regularly.
        5.結(jié)論
        5. Conclusion
        　　機(jī)械設(shè)備安全管理是工程項目安全管理的重中之重，乃是關(guān)系到企業(yè)健康發(fā)展的大事，施工企業(yè)的管理者要予以高度重視。一般安全事故造成經(jīng)濟(jì)的損失至少為工程直接費(fèi)的5% 以上，而安全管理投入的費(fèi)用約占3%，且重大事故還會造成人身傷害。事故的發(fā)生不僅會造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，另一方面也會在社會上對企業(yè)形象造成不良影響。施工中要把安全生產(chǎn)管理制度化、系統(tǒng)化，不要因僥幸心理而因小失大，普及機(jī)械設(shè)備安全管理的必要性。
        Mechanical equipment safety management is the key of the project safety management, but is related to the healthy development of the company, managers of construction enterprises must be highly valued. General safety accidents caused economic losses of at least 5% of the engineering fee directly above, and the investment in safety management cost accounts for about 3%, and the serious accident will cause personal injury. Accidents not only cause economic loss, on the other hand also adverse effects on the corporate image in society. To make safety production in construction management institutionalized, systematic, don’t be penny wise and pound foolish by fluky psychology, popularize the necessity of the mechanical equipment safety management.
   

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